Eswatini

Africa

GDP per Capita ($)
$3,797.3
Population (in 2021)
1.2 million

Assessment

Country Risk
D
Business Climate
C
Previously
D
Previously
C

suggestions

Summary

Strengths

  • Significant agricultural resources (livestock farming, corn and sugar cane cultivation), forestry and mining (coal)
  • Tourism potential
  • The agro-industry (sugar cane, wood, soft drink concentrate) and the clothing sector are relatively well developed.
  • Lilangeni pegged to South African rand
  • Public debt is mainly domestic (just over 50%)

Weaknesses

  • Economy not very diversified: agriculture, manufactured exports (sugar, soft drink concentrate, mold binders), coal, quarry stone, tourism
  • High dependence on South Africa through trade, expatriate remittances, income from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and landlocked status
  • Strong state presence in the economy which limits investment in the private sector
  • Budget and external balances highly exposed to the volatility of UDAA transfers
  • Corruption, mismanagement of public funds, and poor infrastructure (access to water, roads, electricity grid)
  • Poverty (more than 50% of the population lives below the international poverty line) and informality fuelled by low wages and high unemployment (31.5% of the working population and 48.7% of youth in 2023)
  • One of the world’s most unequal (Gini coefficient of 51.5 in 2021)
  • High prevalence of HIV (23.4% of 15-49 year-olds in 2024)
  • Reforms hampered by the country's lower middle-income status, which limits access to concessional financing
  • Periodic social unrest linked to dissatisfaction with the sovereign’s authoritarianism

Trade exchanges

Exportof goods as a % of total

South Africa
65%
Europe
7%
Mozambique
4%
Kenya
4%
Nigeria
4%

Importof goods as a % of total

South Africa 70 %
70%
China 7 %
7%
India 5 %
5%
Europe 5 %
5%
Saudi Arabia 2 %
2%

Outlook

The economic outlook highlights the opportunities and risks ahead, helping to anticipate major changes. This analysis is essential for any company seeking to adapt to changes in the business environment.

Growth weakened by the trade war

Growth is expected to slow further in 2025, but less than in 2024. While the direct impact of the trade war on Eswatini’s growth remains limited — the US accounted for only 1.1% of its exports in 2024 and the tariffs imposed were just 10% — the indirect effects could be more severe. Eswatini’s economic dependence on South Africa, which is facing tariffs of 30%, exposes it to softer external demand, particularly in export-oriented sectors such as processed foods, binders for mold-making, clothing, and wood (sawn and pulp). The climate of uncertainty resulting from the trade war could also slow investment. In addition, the spread of foot-and-mouth disease that has affected livestock since May 2025 is likely to impact agricultural GDP. In this regard, the European Union and the United Kingdom have suspended imports of livestock and animal products from Eswatini, thereby affecting its export revenues. Household incomes may also be impacted, as 14% of the population was employed in the agricultural sector in 2023. However, agriculture’s economic contribution is relatively low (7.5% of GDP in 2023) and the government is already attempting to contain the disease through quarantine and vaccination measures.

En revanche, certains facteurs devraient soutenir la croissance, notamment les investissements publics comme le projet d’irrigation des petits exploitants du Bas Usuthu, financé par la Banque Africaine de Développement et la Banque Européenne d’Investissement, qui devrait améliorer l’accès à l’eau pour l’agriculture et stimuler l’activité de construction. Le secteur minier contribuera également positivement, porté par une hausse de la production de charbon. Ces facteurs, combinés à un enraiement progressif de la fièvre aphteuse, devrait conduire à un frémissement de la croissance en 2026.

Calée sur le cycle monétaire de la banque centrale d’Afrique du Sud (SARB), la Banque centrale d’eSwatini (BCE) a décidé de baisser son taux directeur de 25 points de base en mai 2025 (à 6,75%), maintenant un léger différentiel négatif avec les taux sud-africains (50 points de base). Afin de limiter les sorties de capitaux et protéger les réserves de change, la BCE ne devrait pas engager de nouvelles baisses de taux d’ici la fin de 2025. Une baisse pourrait tout de même advenir en 2026 avec celle prévue de l’inflation, stimulant alors l’investissement et la consommation privée. L’inflation restera dans la fourchette cible de la banque centrale de 3-6% en 2025 et 2026. A court terme, la hausse du prix de la viande liée à la fièvre aphteuse devrait être atténuée par la baisse des prix des autres produits alimentaires, grâce à la reprise de la production agricole après le passage d’El Niño en 2024. La baisse du prix du pétrole (30% des importations en 2024) va également favoriser une baisse des prix. Cependant, une dépréciation du rand sud-africain par rapport au dollar américain en 2025 et 2026 alimentera l’inflation importée.

Declining SACU transfers and aid weigh on Eswatini’s public finances

Eswatini’s fiscal deficit, which is structural, is expected to widen slightly in the 2025 fiscal year. Revenues from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), which accounted for 46% of total revenue, are projected to decline due to the anticipated slowdown in South African trade — the source of 98% of SACU receipts. The SACU revenue stabilisation fund will help cushion the drop. At the same time, reduced flows of official development assistance, particularly following the dismantling of the US agency USAID, will increase pressure on public spending. Moreover, the government is facing a continued struggle to reduce its recurrent expenditure. The goals of reducing the public wage bill and better targeting subsidies are unlikely to be met given public discontent. The wage bill (40% of recurrent budget expenditures in 2024–2025) is expected to rise following the resumption of hiring after the lifting of the recruitment freeze in January 2024. Spending in fiscal years 2025 and 2026 will also be driven by road network modernisation (estimated at a cumulative USD 69 million), as well as energy, rural development, and water management projects. However, the fiscal deficit is expected to narrow slightly in fiscal year 2026 thanks to improved tax collection, particularly as a result of digitisation progress. While external debt accounts for just under 50% of total public debt, the country plans to finance its deficit mainly through the issuance of domestic bonds. The debt ratio is expected to remain largely unchanged.

Pour ce qui concerne les comptes extérieurs, la balance courante, structurellement positive grâce à aux échanges commerciaux et aux revenus secondaires (UDAA, transferts d’expatriés, aide internationale), devrait voir son surplus diminuer en 2025 en raison de la baisse des exportations de bétail et des produits animaux avec la fièvre aphteuse. L’excédent devrait augmenter en 2026 avec la reprise de ces exportations, malgré les 10% de droit de douane imposés par les Etats-Unis. Les réserves de devises couvriront un peu plus de 2 mois d’importation.

Une monarchie absolue en péril et des réformes démocratiques en suspens

La situation politique en eSwatini, unique monarchie absolue d’Afrique, restera instable en 2025 et 2026. Malgré son impopularité croissante, le roi Mswati III souverain depuis 37 ans et qui vit dans l’opulence, devrait se maintenir au pouvoir. De fait, le système politique demeure verrouillé : les partis sont bannis, les manifestations systématiquement réprimées, et le souverain détient l’ensemble des leviers sécuritaires et institutionnels, notamment le droit de dissoudre l’Assemblée et de nommer ou révoquer les ministres. De plus, la plupart des 59 députés, élus lors des dernières élections législatives de septembre 2023, sont royalistes. Toutefois, les mauvaises conditions socio-économiques (fort taux de chômage, service public lacunaire, pauvreté généralisée), la corruption excessive et l’absence de libertés civiles et politiques alimentent la frustration de la population. Une intensification des troubles sociaux est à prévoir, voire l’émergence de tentatives de coup d’Etat.

Eswatini maintains close ties with South Africa, which accounts for 70% of its exports and 80% of its imports. Meanwhile, the lack of progress in introducing democratic reforms is a continued cause of concern for the Southern African Development Community (SADC), which, however, is unlikely to intervene unless a major crisis arises. Eswatini is the only African country that maintains diplomatic relations with Taiwan, despite pressure from Beijing. In June 2025, Eswatini signed a USD 300 million agreement with the Export-Import Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to finance the construction of a strategic oil reserve. This follows a trade cooperation agreement signed in 2024 and a recent announcement of Taiwanese financial support for the tourism and health sectors.

Last updated:July 2025

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